Confucius

Confucius (~551-479 B.C.E.), or Kongzi, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and educator as well as one of the most influential figures in world history.

Much like Lao Tzu, the details of Confucius’ life and works are not completely certain. However, according to tradition, he was able to obtain an education in spite of being born into poverty. He was known for having impressive character and amassed students who followed his instruction. Confucius was always willing to teach any individual, regardless of social class, and judged others based on their character, not social status. After his death, disciples collected Confucius’ various writings to form the Analects (Lunyu). His contributions to the I Ching are the numerous commentaries that compose the Ten Wings. These interpretations include additions to the symbolism and sequence of each gua, the Duke of Zhou’s Yao Text, and King Wen’s decisions.

Known as Confucianism, Confucius’ philosophy is famous throughout the world. Much of his focus was on the governing of and ethical practice by citizens. He favored rule through setting a positive example, rather than force and punishment. Personal qualities that were desirable to one’s character include benevolence, propriety, obedience, honesty, flexibility, harmony, and selfless service to others. Confucius also stressed the importance of rituals, family, and education on an individual’s life.

Confucius and his teachings have had a lasting impact on world philosophy and Chinese culture.